KB logo

Systematic reviews: Protocols

Journal Finder

Journal Finder, from the Royal Danish Library, provides access to search journals that are part of the national licensing agreements for Open Access publishing without paying the Article Processing Charge (APC)*. You will also be able to find journals where discounts on APC are offered. Simply select your institution to get accurate search results.

International publishers are launching journals that only publish protocols, like spin-offs. For example, Nature publishes a journal called Nature Protocols, and JMIR Research publishes a protocol-only journal called JMIR Research Protocols. In Journal Finder, find protocol journals that are part of the national licensing agreements and offer discounts or are free to publish in.

Access journal finder her.

About protocols

Flemming, Jesse L. (et at.): 'Review of Four Preregistration Registries for Special Education Researchers'. Remedial and Special Education, vol. 44, 6. 2023, p. 495-505.

The Cambell Collaboration: Guidelines for preparation of a Cambell review protocol. Version 1.0, January 1, 2001. 

Peters, Micha D.J.(et al). ‘Best Practice Guidance and Reporting Items for the Development of Scoping Review Protocols’ JBI Evidence Synthesis, vol. 20 (4), 2022, p. 953-968

Butler, Ashleigh (et al.): 'A Guide to Writing a Qualitative Systematic Review Protocol to Enhance Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Health Care.' Worldviews on Evidence-based Nursing, vol. 13, 3, 2016, p. 241-249.

Azzam Al-Jundi, Salah Sakka: 'Protocol Writing in Clinical Research', Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, vol. 10 (11), 2016, p. ZE10-ZE13.

Saluja, Satish & Modi, Manoj: 'Guidelines for writing research protocol' [clinical studies], Current Medicine Research and Practice, vol. 11 (1), 2021, p. 53-61.

Crescioli, Elena (et al.): "The long-term effects of lower versus higher oxygenation levels in adult ICU patients – protocol for a systematic review".  Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2022, vol. 66 (1), p. 145-151

 

What is a protocol, why should you make one and what is their role in the review process?

  • The first table, below, provides examples of where you can register a protocol dependent on the type of review you are writing
  • The second table, below, provides requirements and guidelines for protocols, that again can be implemented according to review type.

A protocol is a plan that must be followed in a study.

As part of preparing a systematic review, and to minimize bias in the process, it is therefore most appropriate to develop a protocol that describes the rationale, hypothesis, how and where literature is searched, as well as which other methods are used in connection with the preparation of the systematic review.

By registering your protocol, you show that you are working on a review and others can see what it is. This makes your review plan visible and reduces the risk of bias, as the review process is documented in advance.

 

In this brief tutorial, the protocol is discussed as a necessary initial step in conducting  a systematic review or a meta-analysis. The video is produced by: CU Anschutz Strauss Health Sciences Library, April 2022

Registering your protocol

Protocol

Description

Review Type

PROSPERO

An international database of prospectively registered systematic reviews in health and social care.
Key elements from the review protocol are recorded and stored as a permanent record. Systematic reviews should be registered from the outset (i.e., at the protocol stage) to avoid unplanned duplication and to enable comparison between the reported review methods and what was planned in the protocol.

Systematic Reviews 

PROCEED

A register that provides Open Access to titles and protocols og prospective evidence syntheses in the environmental disciplines. 

Systematic Map Protocol

Systematic Review Protocol

Rapid Review

Other Configurative Reviews (e.g. evidence maps or scoping reviews)

Other aggregative reviews (e.g. Meta-analyses, Critical reviews)

OSF (Open Science Framework) 

A multidisciplinary database to register and publish protocols for reviews

Systematic Reviews

Scoping Reviews

Rapid Reviews

Other non-health related reviews

ROSES RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses in environmental research (ROSES)

All types of review

ZENODO Zenodo is an open repository, to publish and share research and other academic output including protocols. 

All types of review

Videnskabelige tidsskrifter

Protocls can be published in Protocol Journals, fx BMJ,  OpenSystematic Reviews, etc.

Registered Reports: In the participating journals, methods and proposed analyses are preregistered and peer-reviewed before the research is conducted.

All types of review

PROTOCOLS.IO  Different levels of registration that include payment models

All types of review

Guidelines for protocols and reviews

 

Review type 

Protocol type 

Systematic reviews and/or Meta-analysis         

Cochrane Systematic Reviews

All Cochrane systematic reviews are first registered as titles with a Cochrane Review Group (CRG).
Registering your title is important to avoid duplication of work with other authors and to ensure that your topic is suitable for a Cochrane review.

There are 52 CRGs, each focusing on a specific area of health.
How to write a Cochrane protocol: https://www.cochrane.org/authors/how-write-cochrane-protocol

Campbell  reviews

The Campbell Collaboration is an international research network in the social sciences that produces high-quality evidence syntheses, accessible summaries, and policy-oriented briefings.

Scoping reviews
Rapid reviews 
Living systematic reviews
State of the Art review

There are no specific protocols like PRISMA for State-of-the-Art (SotA) reviews.
However, there are other guidelines that can help ensure a thorough and systematic SotA review.
This 2022 article proposes a six-step method for conducting SotA reviews: